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Change to Multi. Features A better learning experience, built for you Easy-to-use search and navigation New full audiobook Add notes, highlights and flashcards Embedded videos with select titles. Buy access. Allen F. Davis earned his Ph. A former president of the American Studies Association, he is a professor emeritus at Temple University and editor of Conflict and Consensus in American History ninth edition, Allan M.
Winkler received his Ph. An award-winning teacher, he has also published extensively about the recent past. His research centers on the connections between public policy and popular mood in modern history. Charlene Mires earned her Ph.
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Johnson was the only senator from a seceded state Tennessee who refused to follow his state out of the Union. At heart he was really a Jacksonian Democrat, not a Republican. He believed in limited government and was a white supremacist. Nevertheless, he ended up pardoning most of them and thus restored the old elite. The Radicals The Radicals wanted to transform the South, and they were willing to exclude it from the Union until they had achieved their goal. By refusing to work with conservative and moderate Republicans, Johnson and the Democrats forced them to work with the Radicals.
Johnson vetoed these bills, ending hopes of compromise. The Fourteenth Amendment This amendment gave citizenship to freedmen, prohibited states from interfering with constitutional rights, declared the Confederate war debt null and void, barred Confederate leaders from holding state and federal office, and punished any state that restricted extension of the right to vote to black men.
Having won overwhelmingly in the congressional elections, Republicans decided to form new southern state governments. The Reconstruction Acts of Congress set up five military districts in the South, guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in elections for state constitutional conventions, required congressional approval of all new state constitutions, and declared that southern states must accept the Fourteenth Amendment.
The Failure of Land Redistribution Thaddeus Stevens failed to win approval for his plan to confiscate and redistribute land in the former Confederate states. Constitutional Crisis Congress passed a number of controversial laws, including the Tenure of Office Act, by overriding presidential vetoes. Johnson proceeded to take several belligerent steps, including removal of Secretary of War Stanton. Although acquitted in the Senate, Johnson suffered politically.
Election of Grant, a supporter of congressional Reconstruction and of black suffrage in the South, won the presidential election. White Resistance Whites in the South resisted Reconstruction. Some denied freedom to their slaves, while others prevented blacks from getting land. Black Voters and Emergence of a Southern Republican Party Thanks to a large black voter turnout and restrictions on prominent Confederates, a new southern Republican Party controlled the state constitutional conventions of Triumph of Republican Governments Republican victory in the South meant that for the first time black citizens gained political office.
Southern Republicans worked to build white support for the party. Industrialization Republican governments tried to industrialize the South, but higher taxes for that purpose drew money away from education and other reforms.
Republican Policies on Racial Equality Economic progress remained uppermost in the minds of most southern blacks. They accepted segregated facilities in return for other opportunities. Tax Policy and Corruption as Political Wedges Although an increase in taxes was necessary just to maintain traditional services, Republican tax policies aroused strong opposition.
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