This study discusses the design of a parallel-operated DC-DC single-ended primary-inductor converter SEPIC for low-voltage application and current sharing with a constant output voltage. Generally, two separate inductors require different ripple currents, but a coupled inductor has the advantage of using the same ripple current.
Furthermore, tightly coupled inductors require only half of the ripple current that separate inductors use. In this proposed work, tightly coupled inductors are used. These produce an output that is more efficient than that from separate inductors. Two SEPICs are also connected in parallel using the coupled inductors with a single common controller. An analog control circuit is designed to generate pulse width modulation PWM signals and to fulfill the closed-loop control function.
A stable output current-sharing strategy is proposed in this system. An experimental setup is developed for a The DC-DC converters that operate in parallel have several advantages, such as low component stress, good thermal management, more reliability, and less maintenance than single DC-DC converters. The minimum values of the equivalent inductance and capacitance are calculated. The stress of the switching current and the design method were discussed to determine the equivalent inductance and capacitance of the SEPIC in [1].
A stability property of the closed- loop control procedure was developed to design a globally asymptotical stabilizing linear proportional plus integral controllers for SEPIC in [2]. A weight function based on gradient descent method was developed to optimize the PID parameters by adding a low-pass filter term [3]. The operational analysis of an isolated time-sharing dual-input, single-ended primary-inductor was analyzed.
A study demonstrated that active-clamping technique and zero-voltage switching can be achieved on the first-turned-on input leg, and the active-clamping leg with a proper driving strategy reduces component stress [4]. The investigation of coupled-inductor SEPIC design issues focused on the correlation that exists among the sizes of the coupling capacitor and the magnetic coupling factor of coupled inductors.
The voltage conversion ratio and amplitude of the peak-to-peak ripple current in the input and output ports of the coupled inductors were demonstrated [5]. Voltage multiplier and active-clamp techniques were applied to the conventional SEPIC converter to increase the voltage gain and reduce the voltage stresses of the power switches and diode [7].
The proposed converter utilizes a single controlled power switch and two inductors; it can provide high-voltage gain without an extreme switch duty cycle. The two inductors can be coupled into one core to reduce the input current ripple without affecting the basic DC characteristic of the converter. Moreover, voltage stresses across all the semiconductors are less than half of the output voltage [8]. The tightly coupled inductor structure only requires a single core for mutual inductance to force the ripple current into splitting equally between two coupled inductors [11].
A high step-up DC-DC converter with a coupled-inductor and voltage-doubler circuits was discussed, and the converter achieved high step-up voltage gain with an appropriate duty ratio and low-voltage stress on the power switches. The energy stored in the leakage inductor of the coupled inductor can also be recycled to the output with the operating principles and the steady-state analyses of the converter in [12].
Considering all these facts, a coupled inductor is used in the present study, and a parallel operation of SEPIC with current sharing method is proposed. The performance of the PI controller and the coupled inductor topology are assessed in terms of load-current sharing and stability, which are implemented in analog platform.
This parallel-operated SEPIC with the coupled inductor design has numerous advantages, such as improved stability, robustness, and good dynamic response. The conclusion is discussed in Section VI. The SEPIC exchanges energy between the capacitors and inductors to convert from one voltage to another. Switch S1 controls the amount of energy exchanged. In Fig. When switch S1 is off, the current that passes through capacitor C1 becomes the same as the current iL1a.
Furthermore, we can conclude that power is delivered to the load from both L2a and L1a while S1 is off. L1 changes C1 during this off mode, and will, in turn, recharge L2 during the on mode, as shown in Fig. A parallel connection of a SEPIC converter is a reliable and efficient way to increase the power rating of the SEPIC module, which removes the limit of the current ceiling of power semiconductor switches.
Various methods can be used to obtain load-current sharing, such as average current sharing, master— slave scheme, democratic current sharing, and autonomous master—slave scheme. Therefore, this tool requires a large space in the printed circuit board. The tightly coupled inductors are inside a single package when used in the proposed PSEPIC, which provides not only compactness, but also uses the same ripple current.
Half of the inductor value that the separate inductors have can be used because the proposed PSEPIC is a coupled inductor. Hence, less circuit losses occur and the components experience no stress.
The design of various components in the circuit is shown in Fig. A coupled inductor involves a simultaneous parallel energy pathway and works as an energy storage element for ripple-current steering. The voltage across the inductor L1 is considered as V1, and the voltage across L2 is considered as V2.
The current that passes through the inductors L1 and L2 are considered as i1 and i2 respectively. Mutual inductance also has a relationship with the coupling coefficient, which is between 1 and 0, as given in Eq. For the circuit to operate properly, a volt-microsecond balance must be maintained across each magnetic core. However, the coupled inductor can manage without such problems. The capacitor voltage for separate inductors is also charged to the input voltage, which can be algebraically shown.
A coupled inductor is preferred for the proposed PSEPIC because of its reduced component count, better integration, and less inductance requirement compared with using two single inductors. The selected coupled inductors have a turn ratio for volt-microsecond balance. In ideal cases, a tightly coupled inductor that has single cores with the same number of windings for each conductor, and the mutual inductance forces the ripple current to split equally between two coupled inductors.
The design of the inductor value is determined to be half of what will be required for two separate inductors, and is given as Eq. C2 is selected based on Eq. Furthermore, ESR can be ignored. The coupling capacitor C1 obtains a large RMS current that is related to the output power and is given in Eq. MOSFET S1 is the main active component and must be selected in such a way that it can handle the peak voltage and the current with low loss in the circuit.
The peak current rating of switch S1 is given in Eq. A PI controller with a Kp setting of 0. The developed circuit performance is verified with different conditions, such as startup, line variation, load variation, and steady-state condition. Simulations are performed using the listed parameters, as shown in Table II. The voltage regulation and current distribution have some equalities. The output voltage has no overshoot, and the settling time is 0. Irrespective of the variation of load resistance, the output voltages remain constant at The input voltage is kept at 15 V during the above simulation.
The output voltage is constant at Steady-state variation of the voltage is 0. The output voltage ripple is low at approximately 0. The validation is done with different conditions viz line variation, load variation, and steady-state operation. The experimental setup of the PSEPIC with coupled inductors is developed with the same specifications as the simulation.
This setup is shown in Fig. The parameters of the main circuit and components of the control circuits are given in Tables V and VI. Generally, duty cycle D with time Ts is accepted as t1 and t2, as shown Fig. Played Jesse in "Target: The Corruptors" in Played Uncle Billy in "Posse from Hell" in Played Morris Harper in "Ben Casey" in Played Sepic in "Target: The Corruptors" in Played Peter in "King of Kings" in Played Jethro Hedges in "Frontier Circus" in Played Dan Molder in "The Virginian" in Played Daniels in "The Virginian" in Miley in "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" in Played Preacher in "The Fugitive" in Played Sheriff Smiley in "Temple Houston" in Played Walter Wyman in "The Dakotas" in Played Pack Underwood in "Savage Sam" in Metcalfe in "Mr.
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