Characteristics of Social Stratification i. It divides the labour according to the status and effort put in by each individual. It couples each class or caste to improve certain restriction on its members such as in regard to dress, food, occupation etc.
It varies from one society to another. It plays vital role in evaluating the social structure. It considerably influenced by the developing trends in technology e. It tends to motivate the lower classes to work hard so that they can improve their living standards, social and political conditions likely to be resisted by upper class people.
Social Class Social classes are more or less spontaneous formations expressive of social attitudes. Communities are socially stratified in number of ways.
The sex division is always of major sociological importance and division into age groups in also a predominant characteristic of the internal structure of the community. They are not like political classes or like associations.
The people in the past were not class conscious. They used to live and hard together for uplifting their families. But trends changed when the people on one side were poor and needy. Slowly and slowly this distinction increased. Very rich, lesser rich and poor transformed into classes. Development of Social Classes 1. Slave system 2. Feudal System. Multiplicity of classes 4. Bourgeoisie system 5. Capitalists 6. Social class exists where there is distinction between higher and lower.
Therefore, social class is the horizontal strata. Social class is any portion of the community marked off from the rest by social status. According to writes, class is always a manifestation of economic differentiation. This factor is commonly associated with the status distinction. In some cases class differences do not correspond to economic differences.
Those people who have obtained their education from foreign countries or well educated are considered better by the society as compared to those who are illiterate. Illiterate person do not enjoy respect from society although their number is much more than that of educated persons.
Limitation of Occupational Prestige Limitations of occupational prestige are as follows 1. It is limited with power.
Persons possessing higher powers form a group. They would not like to be in the company persons possessing less power. It is linked with society. Certain persons having good qualifications may not enjoy much respect from literate society then illiterate society.
It also linked with the intensions of society. It is also linked with the availability factors i. Engineers, Doctors are more respected than any other profession they are in short supply. He has neglected the conflict between different classes on one pretext or the other.
Caste System Caste system is a special type of social stratification and found in ancient India but elements of it are found throughout the world. The word caste is derived from the Spanish Casta meaning breed, strain or a complex of hereditary qualities and it was applied by the Portuguese to the particular Indian Institution known as by the name of jati. A Person born in caste remains in it for life dies in it and his children except in extra-ordinary cases of mixed marriages.
According to Coolay, when a class is some what strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste. This system is always safe guarded by social laws and sanctified by religion. Taboos Another element of caste by which the superior castes try to preserve their ceremonial purity and all in general endeavour to avoid or neutralize the potentialities for evil, believed to exist in every person is called Taboos. A Kashmiri boy would like to marry a Kashmiri girl and so on.
People of particular caste care more for their caste than the community as a whole while sitting in group discussions. Demerits of Caste System i. It encourages the changes in religion ii. It encourages the creation of idle class. It tends to create a false sense of prestige among higher caste people. It is opposed to national unity. It is against the democratic spirit which believes in human equality vi.
It encourages the higher class people to ill-treat the lower class. It does not provide wisdom to all which is essentially required for maintaining social relation as well as for the benefit of the nation. How Urbanization and Industrialization influence caste system? The harijans are working hard in cities and even employ the high caste people. The children of all caste study together and play together. Mixing of high caste people and low caste people is common meetings in which the views of all are to be weighed equally.
Due to urbanization, people of all caste travel together, eat together and work together. Lower caste people hold superior positions in administration and high caste people work under them. Supermacy because of the caste can not be shown. Low caste people and high caste people live together in residential accommodation provided by the owner of the factory.
When ever, in the world, one person has subdued another, the conquerors have taken the woman of the country as wives but on the other side, have given their daughter in marriage only among themselves. When the two people are of the same race, the evolution runs on a different line. The tendency is then towards the formation of a class of half-breeds i.
This has been found in various parts of the world. Class Caste 1. The restriction are not many The restrictions are more. It does not posses a narrow area It possesses narrow thiniking 3. It has secular origin It has no secular origin 4. It is possible to arrange inter-class marriage It is not at all possible to arrange inter-caste marriage 5. It is not difficult to leave class It is difficult to leave caste.
The status can be changed by knowledge ability. The status cannot change whatever knowledge, a person may possess. It allows the members to adopt any profession of their choice.
It does not allow any change. Member will have to adopt profession of their ancestors. It is Flexible system. It is rigid system. Classification on the basis of the differential 1. Membership: It may be held by virtue of birth and on the other side; it may also be by another criteria as in the case of marriages by personal choice in our society.
Personal Qualities: Personal qualities are any of these features of an individual which differentiate him from another for ex. Sex, age, strength, intelligence, personal beauty. Achievements: These are the valued results of the actions of individuals.
Authority : It is an institutionally recognized right to influence the action of others 5. Power: Persons who have power secure a certain kind of direct reorganization. Occupation An activity which engages each member of a society for meeting their daily needs. It has social approval and is respected by the society is called occupation. When occupation has no social utility and the society does not accept the methods used for earning money, then such occupation is condemned by the society and the persons involved do not enjoy respect, position and social prestige.
Categories of Occupation 1. Professional and high administrators 2. Managerial and executives. Supervisory offices. Low supervisory officers. Skilled manual labor. Semi-skilled manual labor. Unskilled manual labor. Expertness in solving a problem 2. Social acceptance. Nature of Society. Service conditions.
Type of people 6. Social benefits. Reward and remuneration. Service conditions: It means that when the work is of permanent nature or of the temporary nature. Job Security: The prestige to an occupation is also brought by the security of service as it involves right of expression and participation in the running of administration and management affairs. The people having job security will be more respected by the society. Social Benefits: The occupations which derive no of benefits from society are respected e.
Expertness in solving a problem: The prestige of an occupation also depends on personal knowledge in solving a problem. A person having put in 20 years of service will be much more knowledge in solving problems may be administration or managerial or any other than a new comer. Under such circumstances, such people and hence occupation became prestigious. Mobility The primary characteristics of life-be it man or animal is called mobility.
Social mobility is the manifestation of vitality in human beings. It examples are formation, alteration, and dissolution of family structure. It takes place in two ways i. Vertical mobility ii. Horizontal mobility The former is the class and caste metabolism within the social structure. This term is associated with the class structure and it refer to the change of work or residence without a status change Causes of Involuntary Migration 1.
Lack of sufficient funds. Lack of paper leader. Lack of bargaining capacity. Lack of proper discipline in the union. Lack of support for ever. Lack of rigidity in the minds of workers. Advantages of Corporate Business Organizations i. These develop a feeling of co-operation. These tend to save time and energy. These are helped in establishing big business enterprises.
These tend to minimize the cost of handling commodities. These tend to increase the production. These help in increasing the technical knowledge. It is defined as certain enduring and accepting forms of procedure governing the relations between the individuals and groups.
Social institutions make use of buildings and it also equally true that each institution depends upon its agents; many of them specialize in the performance of institutional function. It also transmits proper respect. The family and religion are always integrated closely. Religious beliefs support the family. The God is always viewed as bestowing approval upon it.
Conceptions of the supernatural reflect the family. The various elements of culture change in time and institution are no exception. Institutions are organized units of simpler and lesser elements of culture. Therefore institution can preserve much of their essential character while some of the particular folkways and mores are changing radically.
It is due to this reason that institutions are also known as the great conservative forces in history. Family Institution The family and marriage are the ancient institutions around them have grown up powerful sentiments and tradition, the creations of God rather than the products of man and such they are absolute, final and unalterable. Most of the people go to the opposite extreme and declare that marriage is an outworn, absolute custom. But most of the people still believe that they are as indispensable today as they have been past.
The words marriage and family are commonly linked. They are not one and the same marriage means a union between persons of the opposite sex which is generally accepted and sanctioned by society. The term family means the group comprising a husband and wife and their dependent children or A Group of closely related individuals.
In the family institution, there are adjustments in beliefs, attitude, traditions etc. The family is the first of all social institutions and not a more association.
The family is the most of basic social group and of primary importance. The family whose members are bound together by institutionalized social relationships with them. It is most intimate group to which man belongs and most effective agent in the transmission of the social heritage. Functions of Family i. It preserves the past traditions which reflect the culture. It satisfies the sex requirements.
It provides the desire of children. It prepares the children to face the society boldly. It checks anti-social activities of its members. It provides shelter to its members from social evils.
It fulfils the basic needs. It provides educational facilities to its members. It preserves the religious traditions. The relationship of the man and wife is matter of public control. A marriage, however, is universally dissolved, its rights and duties cease with the death of either partner. No where diverse of approved in principle but on account of certain stated causes, some provision is made for dissolution of union during the lifetime of the partners. It is always and every where joined in public ceremonial or marriage rite.
Rite is usually an elaborate affair, fallowed by a public celebration but in some cases it very simple. Arranged Marriage The marriage arranged by the parents of the boy and girl is called arranged marriage.
Marriage is a serious affair because the union of two human beings brings the family which is one of most important social institution. Probationary marriage The girl and the boy are allowed to socially mix with each other before actual marriage is called probationary marriage. By mixing, they try to understand the view point of each other. Marriage takes place only if both of them approve otherwise not. Characteristics of marriage system i.
It is based on exogamy. It is complete only when certain formalities as per the traditions of social institutions or society are completed. It does not permit inter caste marriage. It is a costly affair in India as marriage. It encourages the dowry system. It is with consent of parents. It is considered to be the union of two families. It does not permit the love marriage. It is a permanent bond. Polygamy The plural mating i. It is found no where in the higher civilization.
It is very rare among preliterate people. Monogamy is almost everywhere, the most frequent form of marriage. Most of such unions are owing to custom, poverty or non availability of members of opposite sex.
In this system maximum love, care, affection and sympathy develop along with sense of unity and oneness. Objective type questions compulsory 20 marks are also incorporated at the end of assignment sheet. To bring total quality in the course, we are using kaizen strategy continuous improvement in the process of course development.
However, we skip those topics which have not been asked for a long long time. Such topics are unimportant and waste precious time of AMIE aspirants. To further strengthen our AMIE course, we are giving online support which includes AMIE question papers, model papers, online objective questions, video lectures, audio lectures, eBooks and coure updates.
Why Not Book? Well, this a very interesting question. You know, generally a book covers syllabus of all the engineering colleges in India to augment the sale of the book. So you have to put extra efforts to make notes from the book so as to make it useful for your purpose. In this process you waste your precious time. Planning-its objective and assessment. Technology Assessment: Historical development of science and technology Criteria for assessment of appropriate technology and technology adaptation.
Principles of eco-balance, Biosphere cycle, carbon dioxide. Causes for eco-imbalance - its effects and remedies. Environmental Degradation: Causes for degradation - its effect. Control of air, water, soil and noise pollutions. Protection of ozone layer. Waste Management: Agricultural, urban and industrial waste. Sustainable Development: Definition and concept.
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